Nervous-Sudden+illnes+Emergency+First+aid

MARY HIDREJ NERVOUS SYSTEM SUDDEN ILLNESS/EMERGENCY/FIRST AID =[|Quia Quiz]= =CONCUSSION= A concussion is a brain injury that may result in a bad headache. altered levels of alertness, or unconsciousness SYMPTOMS A concussion results from a significant blow to the head. Symptoms can range from mild to severe. They can include: Emergency signs: Head injuries which result in concussion often are associated with injury to the neck and spine. Take particular care when moving patients who have had a head injury.
 * Headache
 * Altered level of consciousness
 * Loss of consciousness
 * Memory loss (amnesia) of events surrounding the injury
 * Changes in alertness and consciousness
 * Convulsions
 * Muscle weakness on one or both sides
 * Persistent confusion
 * Persistent unconsciousness (coma)
 * Repeated vomiting
 * Unequal pupils
 * Unusual eye movements
 * Wal

An initial neurological evaluation by a health care worker determines appropriate treatment for an uncomplicated concussion. If a blow to the head during athletics leads to a bad headache, a feeling of being confused (dazed), or unconsciousness, a trained person must determine when the person can return to playing sports. If a child or young adult has lost consciousness, that person should not play sports for a period of 3 months. There is an increased rate of brain injury and occasionally death in persons who have had a previous concussion that resulted in unconsciousness. Concussion complicated by bleeding or brain damage must be treated in a hospitalking problems

There are more than a million cases of concussion each year in the United States. A concussion may result when the head hits an object or a moving object strikes the head. A concussion can result from a fall, sports activities, and car accidents. Significant movement of the brain (jarring) in any direction can cause unconsciousness. How long a person remains unconscious may indicate the severity of the concussion. Often victims have no memory of events preceding the injury. More severe head injuries can cause longer periods of memory loss (amnesia). Usually, a person has the most memory loss immediately after getting hurt. Some of the memory comes back as time goes by. However, complete memory recovery for the event may not occur. Bleeding into or around the brain can occur with any blow to the head, whether or not unconsciousness occurs. If someone has received a blow to the head, they should be watched closely for signs of possible brain damage. Things to watch for include repeated vomiting, unequal pupils, confused mental state or varying levels of consciousness, seizure-like activity, weakness on one side of the body, or the inability to wake up (coma). Full recovery is expected from an uncomplicated concussion, although prolonged dizziness, memory loss, decreased mental functioning, irritability, headaches, and other symptoms may occur.

Attention to safety, including the use of appropriate athletic gear, such as bike helmets and seat belts, reduces the risk of head injury.
 * Bleeding in the brain (intracerebral hemorrhage)
 * Brain injury that results in physical, emotional, or intellectual changes or deficits

>> >> =SEVERED SPINAL CORD= >> ==What is it?== Spinal cord injury (SCI) occurs when the spinal cord is damaged in a way that results in some loss of sensation and motor control. The spinal cord is a thick length of nerve tissue that extends from the base of the brain, down the back, through the spinal column. The spinal column is made up of bones called vertebrae that protect the spinal cord. The spinal cord is made up of motor and sensory nerve cells called neurons. The motor nerves are grouped together and transmit motor commands from the brain to the muscles and initiate movement. The sensory nerves are also grouped together. They carry information about sensations, such as pain and temperature, to the brain. The spinal cord is divided into four areas: cervical (neck), thoracic (chest), lumbar (lower back), and sacral (tailbone). The nerves enter and exit the spinal cord through the small openings between each vertebra.
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Who gets it?
Approximately 10,000 people injure their spinal cord in the United States each year. Spinal cord injuries can happen to anyone, at any age. However, men between the ages of 19 and 26 are more likely to have a spinal cord injury due to an accident or some act of violence.

What causes it?
Damage to the spinal cord is usually caused by one of five different types of injuries. Concussion of the spinal cord occurs when a sudden, violent jolt injures the tissues around the cord. This injury is usually temporary and goes away with in a few hours. A spinal bruise causes bleeding to occur in the spinal column. The pressure the bleeding puts on the spinal cord can kill neurons. Spinal compression occurs when an object, for example, a tumor, puts pressure on the spinal cord. When the spinal cord becomes torn by some type of injury, the neurons are also damaged. Or, injury occurs when the spinal cord is completely cut. Fifty percent of all spinal cord injuries occur in a motor vehicle accident. Twenty percent occur from a fall, 15% from some act of violence, and 14% from a sports-related accident. The accidents that cause many spinal cord injuries are related to drug or alcohol abuse. Other causes of spinal cord injury include infection or disease.

**What are the symptoms?**
Damage to the spinal cord interrupts the signals from the sensory and motor nerves, resulting in varying degrees of paralysis and loss of sensation. Symptoms depend upon the severity and location of the injury. A completely severed spinal cord causes paralysis and loss of sensation below the severed section. Patients with the cord partially severed may have some function below the injury. Damage to the front portion of the cord causes paralysis and loss of the ability to feel pain and changes in temperature. Damage to the center of the cord may paralyze the arms, but not the legs. Damage to the right or left half of the spinal cord causes paralysis on the side of the injury, loss of pain and temperature sensation on the opposite side of the injury, and loss of the ability to sense position. Injuries located in vertebrae C1 to C5 may cause paralysis of the muscles used for breathing and all arm and leg muscles. Theses types of injuries usually result in death. Damage above the T1 vertebra affects the arms and the legs. Injuries below the T1 vertebra affect the legs and trunk below the injury, but usually do not affect the arms and hands. Paralysis of the legs is called paraplegia. Paralysis of the arms and legs is called quadriplegia. Complications of spinal cord injuries include deep vein thrombosis, in which lack of normal blood flow to the paralyzed area causes blood to pool in the deep veins and form clots; pressure ulcers of the skin from staying in one position for long periods of time; joint deformity caused by the constant contraction of the muscle (contracture); abnormal deposits of bone in muscles and tendons, called heterotopic ossification; and urinary infection and hardened stool in the large intestine and rectum (impaction) from the loss of bladder and bowel control. >> ==How is it diagnosed?== Because the nerves control feeling and movement in specific parts of the body, the symptoms of a spinal cord injury tell a doctor exactly where the injury occurred. In addition to a complete physical exam and study of symptoms, diagnostic tests such as x-rays, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of the spinal area can help pinpoint the location and severity of the injury. A myelogram is special type of x-ray in which a dye is injected around the spinal cord. When the x-ray is taken, the dye will look pinched off in the area of the spinal injury.

What is the treatment?
People with spinal cord injuries are strapped to a firm board before being moved to a hospital. Movement without this precaution can completely sever the cord. A drug called methylprednisone, which is a steroid-type anti-inflammatory drug, is given intravenously during the first 24 hours to help reduce inflammation and swelling, and the destruction of tissue around the spinal cord. If blood has accumulated around the spinal cord, it will be removed to reduce pressure on the area. Surgeons may also insert steel rods around the spinal column to stabilize it. A compressed spinal cord is treated by removing the cause of the compression through surgery or radiation therapy. If the compression is caused by an infection, it is treated with antibiotics and draining the abscess, which is the source of infection. When spinal cord injury causes paralysis and loss of sensation, treatment is aimed at rehabilitating the patient to help him or her regain as much function as possible. Patients with loss of bladder control may need to be catheterized by inserting a thin tube through the urethra to the bladder to drain urine into a collecting bag. It is important to provide the patient with sufficient fluids and a fiber-rich diet. Research has found that paraplegic patients may respond to electrical stimulation of the muscles. This approach is still experimental, but may offer some the ability to walk without assistance. 85% of patients with spinal cord injuries who survive the first 24 hours are alive 10 years later. The amount of function that can be recovered depends upon the location and severity of the injury

[[image:http://www.clarian.org/ADAM/doc/graphics/images/en/19588.jpg]][[image:http://www.aitkenlaw.com/media/spine4.jpg]]
> >> >> >> =STROKE= >> = =

The symptoms of stroke depend on what part of the brain is damaged. In some cases, a person may not even be aware that he or she has had a stroke. Symptoms usually develop suddenly and without warning, or they may occur on and off for the first day or two. Symptoms are usually most severe when the stroke first happens, but they may slowly get worse. A headache may occur, especially if the stroke is caused by bleeding in the brain. The headache: Other symptoms depend on the severity of the stroke and what part of the brain is affected. Symptoms may include:
 * Starts suddenly and may be severe
 * Occurs when lying flat
 * Wakes you up from sleep
 * Gets worse when you change positions or when you bend, strain, or cough
 * Muscle weakness in the face, arm, or leg (usually just one side)
 * Numbness or tingling on one side of the body
 * Trouble speaking or understanding others who are speaking
 * Problems with eyesight, including decreased vision, double vision, or total loss of vision
 * Sensation changes that affect touch and the ability to feel pain, pressure, different temperatures, or other stimuli
 * Changes in hearing
 * Change in alertness (including sleepiness, unconsciousness, and coma)
 * Personality, mood, or emotional changes
 * Confusion or loss of memory
 * Difficulty swallowing
 * Changes in taste
 * Difficulty writing or reading
 * Loss of balance
 * Trouble walking
 * Dizziness or abnormal sensation of movement (vertigo)
 * Lack of control over the bladder or bowels

A stroke is a medical emergency. Immediate treatment can save lives and reduce disability. Treatment depends on the severity and cause of the stroke. A hospital stay is required for most strokes. ISCHEMIC STROKE Ischemic stroke occurs when a blood vessel that supplies blood to the brain is blocked by a blood clot. This may happen in two ways: HEMORRHAGIC STROKE Hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel in part of the brain becomes weak and bursts open, causing blood to leak into the brain. Some people have defects in the blood vessels of the brain that make this more likely. The flow of blood that occurs after the blood vessel ruptures damages brain cells. For more information on this type of stroke, see: Hemorrhagic stroke STROKE RISKS High blood pressure is the number one risk factor for strokes. The following also increase your risk for stroke: Certain medications make blood clots more likely, and therefore your chances for a stroke. Birth control pills can increase the chances blood clots, especially in woman who smoke and who are older than 35. Men have more strokes than women. But, women have a risk of stroke during pregnancy and the weeks immediately after pregnancy. The following can increase the risk of bleeding into the brain, which makes you more likely to have a stroke: > A complete physical and neurological exam should be performed. Your doctor will:
 * A clot may form in an artery that is already very narrow. This is called a thrombus. If it completely blocks the artery, it is called a thrombotic stroke.
 * A clot may break off from somewhere in the body and travel up to the brain to block a smaller artery. This is called an embolism. It causes an embolic stroke.
 * Diabetes
 * Family history of stroke
 * Heart disease
 * High cholesterol
 * Increasing age
 * Alcohol use
 * Bleeding disorders
 * Cocaine use
 * Head injury
 * Check for problems with vision, movement, sensation, reflexes, understanding, and speaking.
 * Check and assess your blood pressure, which may be high.
 * A CT scan of the brain is often done soon after symptoms of a stroke begin.
 * Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) or CT angiography may be done to check for abnormal blood vessels in the brain that may have caused the stroke.
 * Echocardiogram may be done if the stroke could have been caused by a blood clot from the heart.
 * Electrocardiogram (ECG) and heart rhythm monitoring can help determine if an irregular heart beat caused the stroke.
 * A spinal tap may also be done.

Over half of the people who have a stroke are able to function independently at home. If treatment with clot-busting drugs is successful, the symptoms of a stroke may completely go away. However, patients do not often arrive at the hospital soon enough to receive these drugs, or there are complicating medical conditions that preclude their use. People who have an ischemic stroke (stroke due to a blood clot) have a better chance of surviving than those who have a hemorrhagic stroke (stroke due bleeding in the brain). The risk for a second stroke is highest over the first few weeks or months after the first stroke and then begins to lessen.

To help prevent a stroke: Aspirin therapy (81mg a day or 100mg every other day) is recommended for stroke prevention in women under 65 as long as the benefits outweigh the risks. It should be considered for women over age 65 only if their blood pressure is controlled and the benefit is greater than the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding and brain hemorrhage. A type of surgery calledcarotid endarterectomy may help prevent new strokes from occurring in persons with large blockages in their neck arteries.
 * Avoid fatty foods. Follow a healthy, low-fat diet.
 * Do not drink more than 1 to 2 alcoholic drinks a day.
 * Exercise regularly: 30 minutes a day if you are not overweight; 60 - 90 minutes a day if you are overweight.
 * Get your blood pressure checked every 1 - 2 years, especially if high blood pressure runs in your family.
 * Have your cholesterol checked. If you are at high risk for stroke, your LDL "bad" cholesterol should be lower than 100 mg/dL. Your doctor may recommend that you try to reduce your LDL cholesterol to 70 mg/dL.
 * Quit smoking.
 * Irregular heart beat
 * Mechanical heart valve
 * Other risk factors for stroke
 * Breathing in a food into the airway (aspiration)
 * Decreased life span
 * Difficulty communicating
 * Permanent loss of brain functions
 * Permanent loss of movement or sensation in one or more parts of the body
 * Problems due to loss of mobility, including joint contractures and pressure sores
 * Fractures
 * Malnutrition
 * Muscle spasticity
 * Reduced ability to function or care for self
 * Reduced social interactions
 * Side effects of medications



vocab words:

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 * 1) Central nervous system- made up of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves, this system collects and interprets all nerve impulses
 * 2) Peripheral nervous system-consists of all the nerves not apart of the central nervous system and connects all those parts to the central nervous system
 * 3) Autonomic nervous system-controls involuntary movement such as the heart, lungs, and glands
 * 4) Somatic nervous system-controls voluntary motion such as the skeletal and muscular system
 * 5) Neurons-receive and transmit information to and from nerve centers and initiates a response
 * 6) Sympathetic- a part of the autonomic nervous system that lets the body function under stress (fight or flight) by speeding up heart rate,releasing adrenaline, dilating pupils, ect.
 * 7) Parasympathetic- a sub category of the autonomic system that calms the body back down after stress by stabilizing the heart rate, contracting pupils, ect.
 * 8) Nerve impulses- electrical impulse that travels through the nerves and transmits information throughout the body
 * 9) Motor nerves- carries impulses from the brain to muscles and glands
 * 10) Sensory nerves- send messages to the brain through the spinal cord
 * 11) Myelin- a fatty substance that protects the nerves of the brain & spinal cord
 * 12) Aura- an unusual feeling felt prior to a more widespread epileptic seizure
 * 13) Ictus- a whole epileptic seizure, including the aura
 * 14) Post Ictus- the time period after an epileptic seizure when a person experiences muscle weakness or deep sleep
 * 15) Pallidotomy- a dyskinesias controlling PD surgical procedure where the internal part of the GPi is destroyed by a high frequency energy current which heats it to a desired temp
 * 16) Deep Brain Stimulation- a tremor & slow movement controlling PD surgical procedure where an electrode is implanted in the brain & connected to a pacemaker, implanted under the skin near the collar bone, which sends electrical signals to regulate activity
 * 17) Thalamotomy- a tremor controlling PD surgical procedure where a high frequency current is used to destroy a small area in the thalamus
 * 18) Idiopathic- type of epilepsy when causes are unknown
 * 19) Symptomatic- type of epilepsy when causes are known
 * 20) Crytogenic- type of epilepsy when causes are suspected but not found
 * 21) Demyelination- the destruction of the myelin shealth
 * 22) Stroke:heart refuser to flow blood
 * 23) Ischemis Stroke:its a common kind of stroke
 * 24) Blood Vessels:part of the circulatory system
 * 25) MRA:magnetic resonace angiography
 * 26) Irritability:an irritable petulant feeling
 * 27) Thrombosis:the formation or a thrombus
 * 28) Impaction:the condition of being pressed
 * 29) Ulcers:a circumscribed inflammatory
 * 30) Stimuli:a change inside ir outside the body
 * 31) Warfarin:a treat for an anticagullant

Videos:

media type="custom" key="5648311"strokemedia type="custom" key="5648325"concussion

Outline:

- concussion
 * 1) Symptomes
 * headaches
 * memory loss
 * unconciousness
 * muscle convulsion
 * excessive vomiting


 * 1) Prevention
 * wear appropriate athletic gear
 * drink lots of water
 * eat healthy food
 * see a doctor as soon as possibe

-strokes
 * 1) Symptomes
 * Muscle weakness in the face, arm, or leg
 * Numbness or tingling on one side of the body
 * Trouble speaking or understanding others who are speaking
 * Problems with eyesight, including decreased vision, double vision, or total loss of vision
 * Sensation changes that affect touch and the ability to feel pain, pressure, different temperatures, or other stimuli
 * Changes in hearing and alertness
 * Personality, mood, or emotional changes
 * Confusion or loss of memory
 * Changes in taste
 * Difficulty writing or reading
 * Loss of balance or trouble walking
 * Dizziness
 * Dizziness


 * 1) Prevention
 * don't smoke
 * exercise
 * don't eat fatty foods
 * check colesterol level
 * don't drink alcohol

Severd spinal cord 1. Symptoms
 * spinal cord is damaged
 * loss of sensation
 * motor control

1. Prevention
 * ** go to the hospital
 * dont move for some hours
 * depents on the are that you are hitted